Difference between revisions of "Linux"

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Linux notes
 
Linux notes
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== [[#top|^]] Linux Distributions ==
 
== [[#top|^]] Linux Distributions ==
  
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List of a few more popular Linux distributions:
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<ul>
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*  [[Linux#.5E_ArchLinux|ArchLinux]]
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*  [[Debian|debian]]
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*  Mint
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*  [[Ubuntu_notes|Ubuntu]]
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</ul>
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Berkely State Unix derivatives:
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<ul>
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*  NetBSD
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*  OpenBSD
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</ul>
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A very good explanation of Linux distros Debian, Ubuntu and Arch by Reddit member SilverAwoo:
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*  https://www.reddit.com/r/linux4noobs/comments/1c7jupu/what_does_canonical_do_for_ubuntu_do_they_just/
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<!--
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SilverAwoo
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•
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2y ago
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Great question. This is kind of a broader topic about what it means to be a "Linux distribution" than I think you might originally anticipate. As someone else has mentioned, Debian is Ubuntu's closest parent (Fedora is elsewhere in the Linux family tree), so let's consider the differences between Ubuntu and Debian, rather than Ubuntu and Fedora.
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From a technical perspective... no, not really. Canonical is not just throwing some extensions at GNOME, apt installing snap, putting some pretty PNGs in there, and then throwing it in an ISO. There's nothing wrong with that (in fact, there was a Linux distribution builder website called SUSE Studio back in the day that let you do pretty much exactly that on top of OpenSUSE, good times), but it's not all they're doing.
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For larger distributions like Ubuntu, Fedora, Debian, Arch, etc, "being a distribution" is more about the "meta" than the actual nitty-gritty ones and zeroes. Namely, the big one, distributions maintain package repositories, deciding what version of software you get, for what version of the distro. This involves defining something a bit less concrete: a philosophy.
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This is the big difference between something like Debian, Ubuntu, and Arch, outside of their literal lineage. All three distributions have entirely different philosophies and goals. Debian wants to be rock solid at the expense of missing out on shiny new features. Arch wants to be bleeding edge at the expense of probably messing up your XOrg server every week. Ubuntu wants to be somewhere in the middle.
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Similarly, Debian wants to be geared more towards servers and high-importance workloads. Arch wants to be geared towards the Linux desktop gurus who enjoy doing everything by hand. Ubuntu wants to be geared towards the beginners and enterprise market, where beginner-friendliness and polish is more important.
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(edit: some, generally smaller distributions, piggyback off the repositories of larger distributions like Ubuntu, Fedora, Debian, etc. They may just be geared towards different use cases by including different software out of the box.)
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Speaking to Ubuntu in particular, there are also some Ubuntu-specific pieces of software and patches. One big one for me is that Ubuntu has a special patch for Mutter which allows mixed-DPI displays to behave even better than they do on Windows. The community has even released this patch for Arch and other distros (with varying levels of success), but it originated in Ubuntu as far as I'm aware.
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Then there are the even less ones-and-zeros-y things. Canonical as a company provides support for certain versions of Ubuntu through their Ubuntu Pro program. Other companies and communities behind Linux distributions might do certain advertising or physical presence type things (some companies released their distributions on physical CDs in stores, or mailed USB drives).
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Technically speaking, if you were to strip out absolutely everything that made a distro a distro (bash, GNOME, Xorg, even apt), yes, you'd be left with just... Linux. The software that makes up a distribution is a very important part of the identity of the distribution, but if you try hard enough, you could physically turn Ubuntu into Fedora. But when you pick a distribution, you're picking more than just the base software. You're also picking how you want to experience Linux, from a bigger picture perspective.
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<span id="nn_anchor_arch_linux></span>
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== [[#top|^]] ArchLinux ==
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<ul>
 
ArchLinux installation guide:
 
ArchLinux installation guide:
  
 
*  https://www.linux.org/threads/getting-started-with-arch-linux-a-beginners-installation-guide.53535/
 
*  https://www.linux.org/threads/getting-started-with-arch-linux-a-beginners-installation-guide.53535/
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At Medium.com an article by David H. Smith . . .
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*  https://davidhsmith4.medium.com/installing-arch-linux-a-beginners-guide-part-1-b1c2f399d5ee
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</ul>
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<!-- odne komentar -->
  
 
== [[#top|^]] CONTENT TO REVIEW ==
 
== [[#top|^]] CONTENT TO REVIEW ==
  
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<!-- 2025-02-18 REVIEW CONTENT BEGIN -->
 
<br />
 
<br />
 
Following section holds links to some commonly used server and desktop Linux distributions, available for download as install isos and sometimes as minimal net install isos.  After these full-scale distros are listed some of the smaller distributions of Linux and supporting softwares.  These smaller distros appear to be a good starting point for learning how to design and build embedded Linux systems . . .
 
Following section holds links to some commonly used server and desktop Linux distributions, available for download as install isos and sometimes as minimal net install isos.  After these full-scale distros are listed some of the smaller distributions of Linux and supporting softwares.  These smaller distros appear to be a good starting point for learning how to design and build embedded Linux systems . . .
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**  https://lubuntu.net/lubuntu-18-04-bionic-beaver-released/
 
**  https://lubuntu.net/lubuntu-18-04-bionic-beaver-released/
  
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2025-04-30
  
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*  https://gcore.com/learning/how-to-determine-file-creation-date-in-linux
  
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*  https://dev.to/devnenyasha/linux-first-your-step-by-step-devops-foundation-guide-485k?
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=== [[#top|^]] lists of Linux distribution releases ===
 
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<ul>
 
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*  [https://access.redhat.com/articles/3078 Red Hat Enterprise releases]
 
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</ul>
 
  
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<!-- 2025-02-18 REVIEW CONTENT END -->
  
 
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=== [[#top|^]] Create Linux install drive from iso ===
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== [[#top|^]] Create Linux install drive from iso ==
  
 
Iso to USB thumb drive details at https://askubuntu.com/questions/372607/how-to-create-a-bootable-ubuntu-usb-flash-drive-from-terminal . . .
 
Iso to USB thumb drive details at https://askubuntu.com/questions/372607/how-to-create-a-bootable-ubuntu-usb-flash-drive-from-terminal . . .
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sudo umount /dev/sdb
 
sudo umount /dev/sdb
 
sudo dd if=/path/to/ubuntu.iso of=/dev/sdb bs=1M
 
sudo dd if=/path/to/ubuntu.iso of=/dev/sdb bs=1M
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</pre>
  
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A similar example invocation of dd:
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<pre>
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$ sudo dd if=name-of-iso.iso of=/dev/sdb status="progress"
 
</pre>
 
</pre>
  
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On Google Pixel phone and possibly Android based smartphones in general, the application 'Etchdroid' is available for burning iso images to flash drives.  This app and the smartphone can therefore substitute as the needed tools to create bootable media with Linux distribution of one version or another on them.
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== [[#top|^]] Linux Recovery Methods ==
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A 2020 post on Tecmint detailing how to recover from lost root password on Debian systems:
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*  https://www.tecmint.com/reset-forgotten-root-password-in-debian/
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*  https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Linux_Guide/Reset_a_forgotten_root_password
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<!--
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< Linux Guide
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How to reset forgotten root password in a GNU/Linux distribution with GRUB?
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If this is a laptop or a desktop which you have next to you then follow these steps.
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1. Shut down the device.
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2. Start it again. When you see GRUB menu, press the ‘e’ key on the keyboard before the system starts booting.
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3. In the GRUB boot options, scroll down and locate the line that begins with ‘linux’. In this line move the cursor to the end, right after ‘ro quiet’. Delete everything after that. Change 'ro' to 'rw'. Append the parameter init=/bin/bash
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4. Press Ctrl+x, or F10, to boot.
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5. You will see a root prompt.
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:#
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Remount the filesystem in read/write mode:
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:# mount -no remount,rw /
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6. Set the password of any user(s).
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:# passwd joe
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7. Reboot with the command "reboot -f".
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7a. or Reboot with the command "exec /sbin/init"
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The new password should work now.
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Category: Book:Linux Guide
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-->
  
 
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Latest revision as of 19:09, 26 February 2026

Linux notes

 

^ Linux Distributions

List of a few more popular Linux distributions:

Berkely State Unix derivatives:

    • NetBSD
    • OpenBSD

A very good explanation of Linux distros Debian, Ubuntu and Arch by Reddit member SilverAwoo:


^ ArchLinux

^ CONTENT TO REVIEW


Following section holds links to some commonly used server and desktop Linux distributions, available for download as install isos and sometimes as minimal net install isos. After these full-scale distros are listed some of the smaller distributions of Linux and supporting softwares. These smaller distros appear to be a good starting point for learning how to design and build embedded Linux systems . . .

- 2017-11-30 -

- 2017-12-08 -

- 2018-08-24 - 32-bit and light-weight Linux distros

2025-04-30


^ Create Linux install drive from iso

Iso to USB thumb drive details at https://askubuntu.com/questions/372607/how-to-create-a-bootable-ubuntu-usb-flash-drive-from-terminal . . .

Excerpt from AskUbuntu article: 

sudo umount /dev/sdb
sudo dd if=/path/to/ubuntu.iso of=/dev/sdb bs=1M

A similar example invocation of dd: 

$ sudo dd if=name-of-iso.iso of=/dev/sdb status="progress"

On Google Pixel phone and possibly Android based smartphones in general, the application 'Etchdroid' is available for burning iso images to flash drives. This app and the smartphone can therefore substitute as the needed tools to create bootable media with Linux distribution of one version or another on them.

^ Linux Recovery Methods

A 2020 post on Tecmint detailing how to recover from lost root password on Debian systems:


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